Giulio Cesare Andrea
Julius Evola (1898–1974) was an Italian philosopher, esotericist, and writer known for his controversial and far-right views
[1]. Evola's thought encompassed traditionalist, aristocratic, martial, and imperialist values, also maintaining ties to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany
[1]. In the post-war era, he became a mentor to the Italian neo-fascist movement
[1].
Early Life#
Born in Rome on May 19, 1898, Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola came from a Sicilian family
[4]. He served as an artillery officer in the Italian Army during World War I
[1][4]. After the war, Evola briefly engaged with the Italian Futurist movement and associated with Tristan Tzara and the Dada art movement
[3][4].
Philosophy#
Evola's philosophical work defies easy categorization but often falls under the umbrella of Traditionalism
[1]. His ideas drew from various esoteric and religious traditions, which he used to critique modernity and advocate for a return to a hierarchical, spiritual social order
[3][4].
Magical Idealism#
Evola developed a philosophical system he termed "magical idealism"
[1]. This concept blended metaphysics with practical magic, emphasizing the power of the individual will to shape reality
[1].
Ur Group#
In the 1920s, Evola founded the Ur Group, a collective of esotericists who sought to revive ancient spiritual practices and apply them to modern life
[1]. The group aimed to achieve spiritual realization through ritual and meditation
[1].
Sex and Gender Roles#
Evola held controversial views on sex and gender roles, advocating for traditional, hierarchical relationships between men and women
[1]. He believed that women should embrace their feminine nature and submit to male authority
[1].
Race#
Evola's views on race are complex and controversial
[1]. He rejected biological racism but promoted a "spiritual racism" that emphasized the importance of spiritual and cultural heritage
[1].
"Spiritual Racism"#
Evola's concept of "spiritual racism" posited that different races possess distinct spiritual qualities and that preserving these qualities is essential for maintaining a healthy social order
[1]. This idea is distinct from biological racism, which focuses on physical characteristics
[1].
Antisemitism#
Evola's writings contain antisemitic sentiments, although his views on Jews were not always consistent
[1]. Some scholars argue that his antisemitism was primarily cultural and spiritual rather than biological
[1].
Written Works#
Evola authored numerous books and articles exploring his philosophical and esoteric ideas
[1]. His writings cover a wide range of topics, including religion, politics, and metaphysics
[1].
Christianity#
Evola critiqued Christianity for its perceived egalitarianism and its departure from ancient pagan traditions
[1]. He saw Christianity as a destructive force that undermined traditional social hierarchies
[1].
Buddhism#
Evola was interested in Buddhism, particularly its emphasis on detachment and transcendence
[1]. He saw Buddhism as a means of achieving spiritual liberation from the material world
[1].
Modernity#
A central theme in Evola's work is his critique of modernity
[1]. He believed that modern society is decadent and spiritually bankrupt, characterized by materialism, individualism, and the loss of traditional values
[2][3]. Evola saw America as the epitome of this destructive modernity due to the nation's focus on productivity and technology devoid of spirituality
[2].
Other Writings#
Evola's other notable works include "Revolt Against the Modern World," "Ride the Tiger," and "Men Among the Ruins"
[2]. These books elaborate on his critique of modernity and his vision for a traditionalist revival
[2].
Politics#
Evola's political views aligned with the far-right, and he sought to influence political movements in Italy and Germany
[1].
Fascist Italy#
Evola supported Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy, although he also criticized some aspects of it
[1]. He sought to provide a philosophical and spiritual foundation for Fascism
[1].
Third Reich#
Evola had connections to Nazi Germany and admired certain aspects of the Nazi ideology
[1]. However, he also expressed reservations about the Nazi regime, particularly its emphasis on racial biology
[1].
Postwar and Later Years#
After World War II, Evola became an influential figure in the Italian neo-fascist movement
[1]. He continued to write and promote his traditionalist ideas until his death in 1974
[1].
Personal Life#
Evola was injured during World War II, which left him paralyzed
[4]. He continued to write and pursue his esoteric interests despite his physical limitations
[4].
Influence on the Far-Right#
Evola's writings have had a significant influence on the far-right, particularly among neo-fascist and traditionalist groups
[1][3]. His ideas have been embraced by figures such as Steve Bannon
[3]. His rejection of modernity and call for a return to traditional values resonate with those who feel alienated by contemporary society
[3].
